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We will discuss the different types of spectrographs used for the investigation of the upper solar atmosphere – the corona, the transition region and the upper chromosphere.
Since the beginning of the space era, when the instruments began to be launched onboard rockets and satellites, the solar experiments were almost divided into two different directions: telescopic and spectroscopic observations. The progress in telescopic instrumentation is impressive. At the present time it is possible to observe structures as small as 100 km (1/14 000th of the solar diameter) with typical temporal resolutions of the order of seconds.
Can the spectrograph provide the same impressive observations? What type of information can be obtained from spectroscopic observations? We will discuss possible types of information that can be gained in spectroscopic observations and describe basic methods of spectroscopic analysis. And finally we will consider different types of spectrographs, intended for different spectral ranges - from hard X-ray to vacuum ultraviolet, and with different optical layouts - with slits, slitless, solid state, with diffraction gratings and crystals.
This seminar is the eighth of a series of seminars on the basics of solar and heliospheric physics, aimed at our ROB, IASB and RMI colleagues who have a sound knowledge of physics and mathematics but never had a formal education in solar and heliospheric physics. These talks will provide an overview of the most important aspects without going in too much detail. References for further reading are provided.