Conveners
SWR2 – Interdisciplinary Insights into Space Weather Events of Solar Cycle 25: From Solar Origins to Planetary Impacts: Orals - Part 1
- Rute Santos (University of Coimbra)
- Manuela Temmer (Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Austria)
- Guram Kervalishvili (GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences)
- Karmen Martinić (Hvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Croatia)
SWR2 – Interdisciplinary Insights into Space Weather Events of Solar Cycle 25: From Solar Origins to Planetary Impacts: Orals - Part 2
- Guram Kervalishvili (GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences)
- Karmen Martinić (Hvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Croatia)
- Manuela Temmer (Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Austria)
- Rute Santos (University of Coimbra)
SWR2 – Interdisciplinary Insights into Space Weather Events of Solar Cycle 25: From Solar Origins to Planetary Impacts: Oral - part 3
- Guram Kervalishvili (GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences)
- Karmen Martinić (Hvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Croatia)
- Manuela Temmer (Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Austria)
- Rute Santos (University of Coimbra)
SWR2 – Interdisciplinary Insights into Space Weather Events of Solar Cycle 25: From Solar Origins to Planetary Impacts: Orals - part 4
- Karmen Martinić (Hvar Observatory, Faculty of Geodesy, University of Zagreb, Croatia)
- Manuela Temmer (Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Austria)
- Guram Kervalishvili (GFZ Helmholtz Centre for Geosciences)
- Rute Santos (University of Coimbra)
Description
The extreme space weather events of Solar Cycle 25 highlight the urgent need for a comprehensive, interdisciplinary approach to understanding solar-Earth interactions. This session aims to bring together experts from solar and heliospheric physics, as well as
magnetospheric, ionospheric, and atmospheric physics to investigate the formation, propagation, and impacts of solar storms. By studying the magnetic connectivity and dynamics of the source regions leading to solar flares, and eruptions accompanied by the solar energetic particle events, we seek to understand how solar activity influences interplanetary space and interacts with the planetary environment. The propagation of coronal mass ejections and their interactions within the heliosphere are crucial for assessing the extent of space weather disturbances. The session will also address the
broader space implications of these extreme events, as the impact of geomagnetically induced currents on engineering infrastructure remains an important topic for space weather mitigation strategies. We encourage you to submit abstracts on events covering all aspects of space weather, from the Sun to the Earth, and their impacts on other planetary
environments. We welcome modeling and observational studies. By fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, this session aims to improve our understanding of space weather as a system-wide phenomenon and strengthen links between research communities.
As Solar Cycle 25 reaches its peak of activity, Solar Orbiter is observing a substantial increase in solar flares, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and solar energetic particles (SEPs). Specifically, the Energetic Particle Detector (EPD) on board Solar Orbiter has been tracking and characterizing the rise in SEP activity over the past five years. This paper focuses on the intensities of...
Systematic study of solar energetic particles (SEPs) provides the necessary basis to understand their origin, acceleration and propagation in the interplanetary space. It is believed that SEPs are produced following solar eruptive processes, such as solar flares and/or coronal mass ejections. SEPs can be accelerated to the GeV/n range, yet the bulk are with energies of about 100 MeV/n. In the...
The fleet of spacecraft distributed in the inner heliosphere during May-June 2024 offered us the unique opportunity to analyze, over a wide range of heliolongitudes, the effects produced by the complex sunspot group formed by the NOAA active region (AR) 13664 (later numbered AR 13697).
The intense level of solar activity recorded from 2024 May 8 to 2024 June 21 led to unusually elevated...
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are typically accelerated during solar eruptions and propagate along magnetic field lines in the inner heliosphere. These eruptions include shockwaves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and magnetic reconnection in solar flares. Since spacecraft rarely reach the acceleration regions close to the Sun, measured SEP intensities reflect a combination of...
Extreme geomagnetic storms have become more often over the recent years as we have reached and passed beyond the maximum levels of activity for the current solar cycle 25. Extreme storms are typically caused by arrivals of fast coronal mass ejections either linked to active regions and related flaring activity or driven by underlying filament or prominence eruptions. Real-time forecasting of...
Solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs) leave several signatures in the low corona as identified in EUV and X-ray images, such as intense flares, dimmings, EUV waves, etc., before they appear in white-light coronagraph images. Among them, coronal dimmings are arguably the most reliable indicator of the CME, but their predictive potential for space weather is not yet demonstrated beyond the...
The importance of magnetic helicity in understanding Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) is well recognised. Many studies have supported the idea that a dominant helicity accumulation in active regions (AR) can be a reason for CME eruptions. This study investigates its potential for constraining input parameters in inner heliospheric CME propagation models. We propose a new method to constrain the...
During their propagation from the Sun, through the solar corona and into the inner heliosphere, the coronal mass ejections (CMEs) encounter variable solar wind. Some of the recent studies of the in situ observations of CMEs, by the rather closely positioned spacecraft, showed very different CME signatures. Such different in situ CME signatures may be due to the distorted CME shape which...
Solar energetic particle (SEP) events involving protons with energies exceeding 100 MeV are rare but significant phenomena in the context of space weather. We present a new catalogue of such events measured by SOHO/ERNE and EPHIN covering the last 30 years. It includes detailed information on proton fluxes and associated solar sources, such as soft and hard X-ray flares, coronal mass ejection...
Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) with a strong and sustained southward magnetic field component are the main drivers of strong geomagnetic activity at Earth. One of the greatest challenges in space weather is accurately forecasting their arrival and magnetic structure, essential towards mitigating their impact to both space and ground systems. As CMEs propagate from the Sun, they undergo many...
Geomagnetic disturbances lead to the generation of geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in technological systems like power grids. In some cases, mainly during intensive events, these GICs can irreversibly damage the transformers and even cause power grid blackouts.
At the same time, the proper numerical simulation of GICs is rather challenging task due to the many variables that...
On May 10th 2024, the first of at least five interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) arrived at Earth and caused the strongest geomagnetic storm (Gannon storm) in over twenty years. The effect of this storm was global, however in this study the effect on the Swedish power grid is in focus. By using satellite data from Wind, ground magnetometer data from the IMAGE network and ground...
In previous work, we applied our modelling framework for geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in the German high-voltage transmission grid to geomagnetic storms of Solar Cycle 25, including the May 2024 event. This analysis revealed significant GIC amplitudes (>20 A) across several substations.
This consequently raises the question of the likelihood of such an impact in the future and the...
Space weather predictions of the solar wind impacting Earth (including its transients) are usually first based on remote-sensing observations of the solar disc and corona, and eventually validated and/or refined with in-situ measurements taken at the Sun–Earth Lagrange L1 point, where real-time monitoring probes are located. However, this pipeline provides, on average, only a few tens of...
The Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission was launched in 2009 and has been operational since commissioning in the first half of 2010. The Sun signal appears in most of the brightness temperature images collected by the Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS) payload. As such, the removal of this signal has always been a top priority for the success of the...
RISER – Radio Investigations for Space Environment Research – is a £3.7M NERC-funded Large Environment 5-Year Project addressing the full chain of space weather phenomena from the Sun to the Earth. It investigates how regular radio observations taken using the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) can be used for continuous, accurate tracking of inner-heliospheric and ionospheric plasma structures,...
During the geomagnetic storm of October 10, 2024, GNSS-based augmentation services such as EGNOS APV-I (Approach with Vertical Guidance) and LPV (Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance) were reported to experience a significant disruption. These services were unavailable for nearly one hour over southern Iberia and showed reduced availability across other parts of Europe. This reduction...
Severe geomagnetic storms have a significant impact on ionospheric and geomagnetic dynamics, particularly in equatorial regions such as Thailand. These disturbances often manifest as modifications to the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA) and the development or suppression of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles (EPBs). These effects are primarily driven by storm-time electric fields and associated...
Space weather is increasingly recognised as a significant global hazard, with both widespread and region-specific impacts. This study investigates two major space weather events from May and October 2024, selected for their intensity, their occurrence during a time of high technological dependence, and their differing solar origins. The May event resulted from the interaction and compounding...
Relevant to Space Weather is to study the relations between the solar activity and the related solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed in the heliosphere. In this study, we analyze the relations between the solar activity (flare, CME, shocks) and the SEP peak intensities measured by MESSENGER, STEREO, and ACE spacecraft during 2010-2015. We investigate the 3D early kinematic profile of...
Within previous studies, the relationship of microwave signatures in solar flares and in-situ Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) fluxes and spectra has been investigated. This study continues and expands earlier efforts, considering both electron and proton signatures in relation to solar microwave emission in the 8-17 GHz range.
The primary aim of the study was to confirm previous results,...
Predicting the geomagnetic effects of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) remains a major challenge in space weather forecasting. Spacecraft positioned upstream of L1, referred to as sub-L1 monitors, offer a promising observational approach to enhance both the lead time and accuracy of geomagnetic storm predictions.
Between November 2022 and June 2024, STEREO-A passed approximately 0.05 AU ahead...
Recent results show that the solar wind helium abundance and normalized cross helicity can be used to classify solar wind from continuously and intermittently open source regions. In the associated parameter space, ICMEs appear where the helium abundance is enhanced and the cross helicity is low. This region of the plane also has an enhanced solar wind compressibility. Using 30 years of Wind...
The fast changes in geomagnetic field during a solar storm result in so-called geomagnetically induced currents in long conducting installations, like pipelines, railway catenary and overhead power lines. Geomagnetically induced currents in overhead power lines can trigger outages or damage of transformers and even large-scale blackouts.
A less severe and also less known, but in our opinion...
During the first G3 storm of Solar Cycle 25, the passage of a solar filament on 12 May 2021 produced a strong geomagnetic storm and a rich response in Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere-telluric-technology system. We use data from the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to investigate the effects of the event on the power grid along the US East Coast and compare the timing and...
This study traces the journey from solar flare initiation to auroral impacts on Earth. I began by analyzing magnetic reconnection in active regions using SDO/HMI and SDO/AIA data (Kazachenko et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-022-01987-6) . I then fed flare and CME parameters into ENLIL heliospheric models to forecast shock arrival. These forecasts were validated against solar-wind...
The rapid growth of open science and data-driven research in heliophysics and space weather demands robust, accessible, and comprehensive digital infrastructures. The Science Explorer (SciX) digital library—developed through a collaboration between NASA and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory—now serves as a transformative platform for interdisciplinary research across astrophysics,...
The dynamics and turbulent features of the Earth’s magnetosheath (MSH) are greatly affected by the angle between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the shock normal direction. Generally, behind a quasi-parallel shock, strong turbulence and high magnetic field fluctuations are generated (often seen in the dawn flank) while a quasi-perpendicular shock (more often found in the dusk...
During the extreme solar storm of May 2024, the orbital configuration of solar observing missions offered a rare opportunity to track the full life cycle of the active region where the responsible eruptions originated. Particularly, Solar Orbiter was located near the far side of the Sun—approximately 170 degrees from Earth—allowing continuous monitoring of the source active region before,...
This study investigates the variability in the occurrence of Atlantic Hurricanes (AHU) over the Atlantic and East Caribbean regions and Tropical Cyclones (TC) over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea during the period 1979–2018. A comprehensive statistical analysis, including correlation and regression methods, is employed to explore the relationship between solar activity and cyclone...
The May 2024 solar storm was produced by a sequence of closely timed coronal mass ejections (CMEs) from the same active region. Identifying their individual interplanetary counterparts (ICMEs) is far to be an easy task but is crucial to go ahead in the forecasting scheme. This study aims to explain the interplanetary data and to track the evolution of the ICMEs taking advantage of the...
Reliable forecasts with sufficient advance warning of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) events are vital for swift mitigation of threats to modern technology, spacecraft, avionics and under extreme circumstances commercial aircraft, as well as for minimizing radiation hazards to astronauts especially on future Lunar or Mars missions.To this end, the HESPERIA Relativistic Electron Alert System for...
Solar soft x-ray irradiance has been historically difficult to measure and “accepted” irradiance levels have been revised at least twice since initial values were published by Hinteregger et al. [1981] using Atmospheric Explorer E (AE-E) data. The first major revision was proposed by Solomon et al. [2001], who using soft x-ray irradiance measurements from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer...
